Nonradical oxidation processes in PMS-based heterogeneous catalytic system: Generation, identification, oxidation characteristics, challenges response and application prospects

Recently, various nonradical oxidation mechanisms different from traditional free radicals have been discovered in peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based heterogeneous catalytic system. These nonradical oxidation mechanisms have given rise to much controversy in many aspects due to their variety and complex evolutionary pathways. In this paper, we systematically summarized and compared these nonradical oxidation mechanisms. Mainly including the evolutionary pathways, identification methods (qualitative and quantitative), and oxidation characteristics. Moreover, the challenges and strategies for the further development of these oxidation mechanisms, as well as the research and application prospects are proposed. Our work can deepen systematic understanding of the nonradical oxidation mechanism among relevant researchers, and provides some enlightenment for using nonradical oxidation mechanism to deal with the environmental crisis.