Oral delivery of peptides: opportunities and issues for translation

The authors provide a comprehensive summary of current approaches in improving oral delivery of peptides. With a spotlight on advances in transient permeation enhancers, targeted nanoparticles, intestinal transporters and ingestible injectables, they also present the bottlenecks and challenges in developing oral peptide products with each approach, providing deep insights into their developability and preclinical to clinical translation from an industrial perspective, including an aspirational target product profile for a successful oral peptide drug product.