Retinal arterial and vein occlusion: is surgery ever indicated?

Purpose of review To highlight the recent progression in surgical treatments for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Recent findings Anti-VEGF treatment, accepted as a primary treatment for CRVO, is unable to effectively treat all types of the diseases. Regarding CRAO, there are not any accepted therapies available. There have however been recent innovations in surgery, such as utilizing robotics-assisted tools in cannulation procedures for central retinal artery occlusion, or micro-cystotomy for refractory macular edema resulting from ischemic CRVO. Summary Refractory macular edema due to CRVO can be treated with aspiration of the fluid found inside the large cysts often seen in edema. The success rate of micro-cystotomy has been reported at 78% in eyes with refractory macular edema. Recent studies have shown that cannulation with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is effective for eyes with CRAO due to thrombus. Recent cannulation or micro-cystotomy procedures can be enhanced with the use of robotic tools which allow us to perform this difficult procedure more easily. Newly developed techn ology, and consequent developments in surgical procedures, will allow us to deal with unmet needs for retinal vessel occlusive diseases.