Progress in active integrated antennas and their applications

Active integrated antennas (AIAs) provide a new paradigm for designing modern microwave and millimeter-wave architecture with desirable features such as compactness, light weight, low cost, low profile, minimum power consumption, and multiple functionality. This paper reviews recent research and development related to this emerging technology with emphasis on its applications in high-efficiency radio-frequency (RF) front-end, millimeter-wave power combining, beam steering, and retrodirective arrays, as well as wireless sensors. Optical controlling techniques for AIA's are also described.