FreeRTOS based Smart Waste Management System

This paper presents the design and implementation of a FreeRTOS-based smart waste management system for urban and municipal applications using the dual-core ESP32 microcontroller. The system aims to enable real-time monitoring of waste bin conditions-specifically fill level, temperature, and humidity-while optimizing collection efficiency and resource utilization. Leveraging FreeRTOS multitasking capabilities, the architecture assigns Core 1 to sensor acquisition and actuator control, while Core 2 handles cloud communication and data synchronization. Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect bin fill levels, DHT11/DHT22 sensors monitor environmental conditions, and RFID modules enable unique bin identification. The system utilizes FreeRTOS features such as queues, semaphores, and mutexes to ensure efficient inter-task communication and synchronization. Sensor data is transmitted securely via WiFi to a remote cloud server, allowing for real-time alerts, bin status visualization, and dynamic collection scheduling. An optional LCD/OLED module provides localized feedback. The proposed system is energy-efficient, modular, and scalable, making it well-suited for integration into smart city frameworks. By minimizing manual waste inspection and enabling data-driven route planning, the system contributes to cleaner cities and more sustainable waste management practices.