Biopolymers-based sorbents as a future green direction for solid phase (micro)extraction techniques

The main direction of the development of analytical chemistry is the constant pursuit of simplification, shortening and the introduction of ecological solutions to each stage of analytical procedures. For years, extractants/sorbents based on natural compounds have been very popular, which is in line with the recent trend of using green analytical chemistry. This review will discuss the usage of biopolymers such as chitosan, agarose, alginate, cellulose, starch and cyclodextrin in various solid-phase (micro)extraction techniques. The above-mentioned compounds were initially used directly, but much more often they were subjected to surface modification using chemical methods or were proposed as composites with previously known sorbents such as carbon nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers or graphene oxide.