Glycosaminoglycan mediated interactions in articular, auricular, meniscal, and nasal cartilage

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are ubiquitous components in the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). Ultrastructural arrangement of ECM and GAG mediated interactions with collagen are known to govern the mechanics in articular cartilage, but these interactions are less clear in other cartilage types. Therefore, this article reviews the current literature on ultrastructure of articular, auricular, meniscal, and nasal septal cartilage, seeking insight into GAG mediated interactions influencing mechanics. Ultrastructural features of these cartilages are discussed to highlight differences between them. GAG mediated interactions are reviewed under two categories: interactions with chondrocytes and interactions with other fibrillar macromolecules of the ECM. Moreover, efforts to replicate GAG mediated interactions to improve mechanical integrity of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs are discussed. In conclusion, studies exploring cartilage specific GAGs are poorly represented in the literature, and the ultrastructure of nasal septal and auricular cartilage are less studied compared to articular and meniscal cartilages. Understanding the contribution of GAGs in cartilage mechanics at the ultrastructural level, and translating that knowledge to engineered cartilage will facilitate improvement of cartilage TE approaches.