Advances in cathode’s microstructure modification to boost performance of lithium–sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery has become one of the most promising next-generation electrical storage systems because of its exceptional energy density of 2600 Wh kg -1 . However, their commercialization is hindered by several key obstacles, notably the polysulfide shuttle effect, poor electrical conductance of sulfur, and considerable volumetric change during cycling. This review addresses current advancements in microstructural innovations aimed at improving Li-S battery performance, focusing on modifying cathode materials. The strategies discussed primarily revolve around enhancing the conductivity of sulfur and effectively confining polysulfides to reduce the dissolving of lithium polysulfides in organic electrolytes. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of porous carbon structures, and metal compounds in stabilizing polysulfides and enhancing electrochemical performances. Additionally, the roles of advanced synthesis techniques that facilitate the creation of hybrid cathodes with superior mechanical properties and cycling stability are summarized. By addressing the inherent limitations of traditional Li-S battery designs, these innovations pave the way for more efficient and reliable energy storage systems, positioning Li-S technology as a viable alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries in future applications.