Challenges and Strategies toward Practical Application of Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are leading candidates to address the energy crisis and lithium depletion. Layered transition metal (TM) oxides are regarded as some of the most promising cathode materials for SIBs due to their high capacities, high rate capability, and low cost. However, the practical application of layered TM oxide cathodes is significantly challenged by limitations in both energy density and cycle life, specifically at extreme temperatures. Herein, we summarize the fundamental issues and newly proposed strategies on the interface reaction and air sensitivity of layered TM oxide cathodes. Then, the research progress on pursuing wide-temperature-range oxide-based SIBs and an analysis of recent commercialization attempts are reviewed. Finally, we propose future research directions to accelerate the practical application of layered TM oxide cathodes in SIBs. This work will provide an enhanced understanding of the challenges and strategies of layered TM oxide cathodes and guidance on developing high-energy-density and long-life SIBs.