Biocompatible lipid nanovehicles for preventive and therapeutic vaccine development

Vaccines are widely recognized as one of the most economical and time-efficient medical interventions. Lipid-based nanovehicles have emerged as transformative platforms in clinical applications due to their unique biocompatibility , precision-designed delivery efficacy, and scale-up accessibility for mass production. These nanovaccines are actively being developed for the prevention of infectious diseases and the immunotherapy for conditions such as cancers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of lipid-based nanovaccines, covering their material sources, classification of delivery vehicles, and unique advantages. Lipid-based nanovehicles are highlighted for their ability to enhance antigen stability, improve immune response precision, and enable diverse administration routes, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, and inhalation methods. Additionally, lipid-based nanovaccines in the aspect of clinical application are discussed, emphasizing their potential in the optimization of immune responses, reducing adverse effects , and overcoming physiological barriers. The development of lipid-based nanovaccines faces some challenges, including balancing safety, efficacy, and production scalability. Therefore, further strategies, such as targeted delivery, intelligent controlled release, and adjuvant incorporation, crucially contribute to the advancement of preventive and therapeutic vaccines.