Engineering high-valent Ni 3+ –O active sites through Pd incorporation in NiCo-MOF/Ni-foam for enhanced 5-hydroxymethylfurfural electrooxidation

A carbon-free, scalable Pd/NiCo-MOF/NF electrode is fabricated; its in situ electro-reconstruction generates high-density Ni/Co oxyhydroxides, and Pd–NiOOH coupling optimizes HMFOR performance for efficient FDCA production.