Rhodopsin stimulation in neural circuits by neuromodulation in optogenetics: current findings on the use of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Introduction: Optogenetic neuromodulation describes a contemporary technique of brain modulation that has been increasingly studied, both in the field of genetic engineering and in neuroscience, for the treatment of diseases such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, parkinson and essential tremor. Through it, we seek to alter neurons, making them sensitive to light stimulation. For this, viral vectors are used to insert opsin genes into neural tissue. Objective: to describe the most recent scientific findings related to the use of DBS using Optogenetics techniques. Methodology: use of databases, SCIELO, PUBMED, LILACS and American Association of Neurological Surgeons using the following descriptors: Genetic Engineering. Deep Brain Stimulation. Optogenetics. Rhodopsins. Results: The use and Deep Brain Stimulantion (DBS) or Pronfunda Cerebral Stimulation (ECP) for therapeutic intervention in patients with movement disorders is performed through the insertion of a tungsten wire in specific areas of the central nervous system with the passage of electric current from microampers for milliseconds. However, over time, this causes plasticity, associated with gliosis and loss of DBS effectiveness. In addition, scientific evidence shows that cerebral neuromodulation by optogenetics in patients with dystonia, depression and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is also already a reality with significant and approved results. Conclusions: Optognetics can replace classic DBS for the treatment of several neurological comorbidities with safety and space-time precision, with minimal side effects, when compared with that technique.