Simulating stress corrosion with a bonded-particle model for rock

A numerical model for rock that extends the formulation of the bonded-particle model (BPM) to include time-dependent behavior by adding a damage-rate law to the parallel-bond formulation is described. The BPM represents rock by a dense packing of non-uniform-sized circular or spherical particles that are bonded together at their contact points and whose mechanical behavior is simulated by the distinct-element method using the two- and three-dimensional discontinuum programs PFC2D and PFC3D (Particle Flow Code in 2/3 Dimensions). The extended model is called the parallel-bonded stress corrosion (PSC) model, because it mimics the stress-dependent corrosion reaction that occurs in silicate rocks in the presence of water. Force transmission through rock, and through a BPM, produces many sites of microtension, and it is postulated that stress-corrosion reactions may be occurring at these sites. The stress–corrosion process is implemented by removing bonding material at a specified rate at each parallel bond that is loaded above its micro–activation stress, and the form of the damage-rate law arises from considerations of chemical reaction-rate theory. Global force redistribution occurs throughout the process, and parallel bonds are removed from the system either by breakage (when their strength is exceeded) or by complete bond dissolution. The PSC model parameters can be chosen to match both the static–fatigue curve (time-to-failure versus applied load) and the damage mechanisms and deformation behavior (a creep curve showing primary, secondary and tertiary creep) of Lac du Bonnet granite.