Sampling and Sample Preparation Techniques for Micro- and Nanoplastics

Despite constant concern about micro- and nanoplastics, the absence of a standard extraction and quantifying protocol results in a lack of data harmonization, making a comparison of the available information limited and impractical. Consequently, it is essential to delve into the essential techniques for sampling and extracting micro- and nanoplastics from different environmental matrices such as air, water, ice, soil, sediment, food articles, and plant and animal tissues. In this sense, the present chapter will examine collaborative efforts and research gaps that continue to shape the methodology used to isolate and extract micro- and nanoplastics.