Multi-objective optimization model for planning metro-based underground logistics system network: Nanjing case study

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Utilizing rail transit system for collaborative passenger-and-freight transport is a sustainable option to conquer urban congestion. This study proposes effective modeling and optimization techniques for planning a city-wide metro-based underground logistics system (M-ULS) network. Firstly, a novel metro prototype integrating retrofitted underground stations and newly-built capsule pipelines is designed to support automated inbound delivery from urban logistics gateways to in-city destinations. Based on four indicators (i.e. unity of freight flows, regional accessibility, environmental cost-saving, and order priority), an entropy-based fuzzy TOPSIS evaluation model is proposed to select appropriate origin-destination flows for underground freight transport. Then, a mixed integer programming model, with a well-matched solution framework combining multi-objective PSO algorithm and A* algorithm, are developed to optimize the location-allocation-routing (LAR) decisions of M-ULS network. Finally, real-world simulation based on Nanjing metro case is conducted for validation. The best facility configurations and flow assignments of the three-tier M-ULS network are reported in details. Results confirm that the proposed algorithm has good ability in providing high-quality Pareto-optimal LAR decisions. Moreover, the Nanjing M-ULS project shows strong economic feasibility while bringing millions of Yuan of annual external benefit to the society and environment.</p>