Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factors and Biofilm Components: Synthesis, Structure, Function and Inhibitors

Staphylococcus aureus is classified as an ESKAPE pathogen, possessing both multi-drug resistance and virulence factors. S. aureus exhibits opportunistic behaviour and is frequently encountered in healthcare settings. This bacterium is recognised for its ability to induce a wide array of infectious diseases, often linked to the formation of biofilms. These illnesses can range from minor infections affecting the skin and soft tissues to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions like septicaemia. S. aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that forms sporadic clusters resembling grapes and establishes a secure and functional environment for cell survival by means of a viscous extracellular polymer matrix known as Biofilm. Biofilms are capable of generating intricate bacterial communities through either surface adhesion or the formation of aggregates in the absence of surface adhesion. Enhanced adaptability and adherence are important characteristics of biofilms that serve as a means of survival in the face of various external challenges. These challenges include fluctuations in temperature, limited food availability, dehydration and most notably, the presence of antibacterial drugs and the host's immune responses. Through the processes of genome evolution and gene transfer, Staphylococcus aureus demonstrates genomic flexibility and adaptability. As a consequence, this bacterium plays an important part in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This phenomenon is of significant concern since, in the contemporary period, which is typified by the diminishing efficiency of antibiotics, it poses a substantial threat to the general population's health. The present study offers a comprehensive examination of several issues concerning Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors and biofilm development. These aspects encompass the constituents, overall structure, clinical significance, pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms associated with S. aureus. This review examines the various methodologies utilised to impede and eliminate S. aureus biofilms as a strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.