Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids: structure, food sources, biological functions, and their preventive role against noncommunicable diseases

Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, respectively known as PUFA and MUFA, are considered bioactive compounds. Nuts and seeds, fish, and other marine products are the main sources of PUFA and MUFA. Epidemiological studies support many health benefits of PUFA and MUFA. Accordingly, this contribution summarizes the general chemical aspects as well as the reported health benefits in cell model systems, animals, and humans attributed to these compounds. The main biological mechanisms involved in the role of MUFA and PUFA are provided and discussed. The protective role of these compounds against cardiovascular diseases has been widely recognized in previous works. However, more studies are needed regarding potential health benefits of MUFA and PUFA against diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia due to current controversies.