Protease Inhibitors:  Synthesis and QSAR Study of Novel Classes of Nonbasic Thrombin Inhibitors Incorporating Sulfonylguanidine andO-Methylsulfonylisourea Moieties at P1

Using benzamidine as a lead molecule, two series of alkyl/aralkyl/arylsulfonylguanidines/sulfonyl-O-methylisoureas+ ++ have been prepared and assayed as inhibitors of two serine proteases, thrombin and trypsin. The study showed that sulfaguanidine and its corresponding O-methylisourea derivative possess moderate but intrinsically selective thrombin inhibitory properties, with K(I)'s around 100 nM against thrombin and 1350-1500 nM against trypsin. Further elaboration of these two molecules afforded compounds that inhibited thrombin with K(I)'s in the range of 12-50 nM, whereas affinity for trypsin remained relatively low. Such compounds were obtained by attaching benzyloxycarbonyl- or 4-toluenesulfonylureido-protected amino acids (such as L- and D-Phe or L-Pro) or dipeptides (such as Phe-Pro, Gly-His, beta-Ala-His, or Pro-Gly) to the two leads mentioned above, sulfaguanidine and 4-aminobenzenesulfonyl-O-methylisourea. Thus, the present study proposes two novel approaches for the preparation of high-affinity, specific thrombin inhibitors: two novel S1 anchoring moieties in the already large family of arginine/amidine-based inhibitors and novel peptidomimetic scaffolds obtained by incorporating tosylureido amino acids in the hydrophobic binding site(s). The first one is important for obtaining bioavailable thrombin inhibitors, devoid of the high basicity of the commonly used arginine/amidine-based inhibitors, whereas the second one may lead to improved water solubility of such compounds due to facilitated metal (sodium) salts formation (at the relatively acidic SO(2)NHCO protons) as well as increased stability at hydrolysis (in vivo). A QSAR study also explained the activity in terms of global properties of the molecules, electronic properties of the sulfonylguanidine/sulfonylisourea moiety, and novel descriptors, the frontier orbital phase angles (FOPA), that account for the directions of the nodes in the pi orbitals in the aromatic portion of those of the drugs in which the sulfonyl group was bound to a benzene ring. For thrombin inhibition, the size of the molecule was the dominant influence, while for trypsin inhibition the FOPA was the principal determinant of activity. The dependence of activity on the FOPA variables is perhaps the clearest example of a quantum effect in pharmacology and suggests a promising new tool for drug design.