From traditional medicine to modern therapeutics: phytochemistry, pharmacology, and innovative sporopollenin-based drug delivery systems of Lycopodium clavatum L.

The phytochemical profile of L. clavatum supports its traditional uses and highlights its potential in phytotherapy. Future research should focus on developing standardized extracts, conducting rigorous clinical trials, exploring synergistic formulations, and further exploiting sporopollenin-based nanocarriers to bridge ethnopharmacology with modern medicine.