Influence of Annealing Temperature on Monolithic Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated with MXene as Additive

Abstract Controlling crystallization dynamics through thermal annealing emerged as a critical strategy for enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of monolithic perovskite solar cells (mPSCs). This study systematically investigates the influence of annealing temperatures (100, 200, 300, and 400°C) on the photovoltaic performance of mPSCs. Current–voltage (I–V) characterization reveals that higher annealing temperatures produce superior film morphology, reducing defect density and improving charge carrier mobility. Among the tested conditions, 400°C yields the optimal PCE of 10.82%, surpassing devices processed at lower temperatures by mitigating defect density and improving interfacial charge extraction. The obtained results demonstrate that the thermal annealing as a critical scalable parameter for optimizing perovskite based solar cells.