A comprehensive narrative review of Epimedium and its bioactive compounds in respiratory diseases

Respiratory diseases pose a significant global health challenge due to their high morbidity and mortality rates. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), particularly the herb Epimedium , has demonstrated therapeutic potential in managing these diseases. This review systematically evaluates evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies to assess the effects of Epimedium and its bioactive compounds, including Icariin (ICA), Icariside I (ICS I), Icariside II (ICS II), Icaritin (ICT), and others, on respiratory diseases. The synthesis of current literature reveals that these compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities, as well as other effects crucial for the management of respiratory diseases. Further research is needed to fully understand and harness the therapeutic potential of Epimedium and its bioactive compounds in respiratory diseases. • Broad-spectrum efficacy of Epimedium and its bioactive compounds in managing respiratory diseases. • Mechanistic insights into the respiratory therapeutics of Epimedium and its bioactive compounds. • Targeted delivery systems to enhance the bioavailability of Epimedium and its bioactive compounds.