Toward Rational Design of Carbon-Based Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Supercapacitors are electrical energy storage devices renowned for their high power density and long cycle life. However, their low energy density has limited their broader application, particularly in electric vehicles. Carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes and graphene, are among the most promising electrode materials for enhancing energy density due to their unique structures, excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, large specific surface area, and chemical inertness in both acidic and alkaline environments. Significant progress has been made in the development of high-performance carbon-based supercapacitors. In this Review, we begin by exploring the origin and mechanisms of charge storage in supercapacitors. We then summarize the current advancements in enhancing the capacitive performance. The theory and primary strategies for designing high-performance supercapacitors are discussed to provide guidance on electrode material selection and design. Finally, future research directions and perspectives are presented with the aim of advancing the development of efficient carbon-based supercapacitors.