Non-radical oxidation in environmental catalysis: Recognition, identification, and perspectives

Non-radical oxidation in heterogenous advanced oxidation processes (NR-AOPs) show the superiority for organic contaminants removal in high selectivity, good pH stability and strong anti-interference ability. Thus, it is a hot topic in the recent decade. NR-AOPs are primarily dominated by interfacial catalytic activation. The mechanisms are complicated due to different non-radical species, various authentication methods, and still need a deeper understanding. Therefore, this review summarized latest developments in NR-AOPs, focusing on the recognition and identification of non-radical species (including the 1O2, direct electron transfer, surface active complex and high-valent metal species), as well as the driving forces and conversion of activating paths. In addition, a discussion on the current deficiencies, challenges and future outlook of NR-AOPs were also provided. This critical review aims provide a comprehensive overview and trigger in-depth thinking about NR-AOPs to guide its further development.