The effect of drought stress on the microbes of red soil in Chamaecrista rotundifolia stand was studied by pot culture experiment.It was showed that the amounts of soil fungi and actinomycetes were the highest under mild stress,and it decreased as the drought stress increase.The amounts of soil fungi and actinomycetes were different significantly under different drought stresses after 30 days.The change of amounts of soil bacteria and azotobacters were similar with those of soil fungus and actinomycetes around under drought stress in 15 days,but it decreased with the increase of stress after 30 days of treatment.And that the amounts of soil azotobacters reduced with times,contrary to those of soil fungi and actinomycetes,which showed that soil fungi and actinomycetes were easier to adapt to arid condition than soil azotobacter.