A highly sensitive SERS sensor for malachite green detection based on spiky Fe 3 O 4 @Au supraparticles

M. It also demonstrated high specificity and was successfully applied to detect MG in real samples, including water from aquaculture systems and biological samples (fish, prawns, and crabs). This work provides a practical and efficient approach for MG monitoring in aquatic products, significantly reducing both detection time and cost, and exhibits strong potential for application in food safety surveillance.