Mapping Subcortico‐Cortical Coupling—A Comparison of Thalamic and Subthalamic Oscillations

Abstract Background The ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM) is an effective target for deep brain stimulation in tremor patients. Despite its therapeutic importance, its oscillatory coupling to cortical areas has rarely been investigated in humans. Objectives The objective of this study was to identify the cortical areas coupled to the VIM in patients with essential tremor. Methods We combined resting‐state magnetoencephalography with local field potential recordings from the VIM of 19 essential tremor patients. Whole‐brain maps of VIM–cortex coherence in several frequency bands were constructed using beamforming and compared with corresponding maps of subthalamic nucleus (STN) coherence based on data from 19 patients with Parkinson's disease. In addition, we computed spectral Granger causality. Results The topographies of VIM–cortex and STN–cortex coherence were very similar overall but differed quantitatively. Both nuclei were coupled to the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex in the high‐beta band; to the sensorimotor cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum in the low‐beta band; and to the temporal cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum in the alpha band. High‐beta coherence to sensorimotor cortex was stronger for the STN ( P = 0.014), whereas low‐beta coherence to the brainstem was stronger for the VIM ( P = 0.017). Although the STN was driven by cortical activity in the high‐beta band, the VIM led the sensorimotor cortex in the alpha band. Conclusions Thalamo‐cortical coupling is spatially and spectrally organized. The overall similar topographies of VIM–cortex and STN–cortex coherence suggest that functional connections are not necessarily unique to one subcortical structure but might reflect larger frequency‐specific networks involving VIM and STN to a different degree. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.