Sulfidation of nickel foam with enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid

/NF electrode exhibits a nearly 100% conversion of HMF, 98% yield of FDCA, and 94% high faradaic efficiency. This material is stable and retains activity after 6 consecutive measurements. This work provides a facile route to design and prepare electrocatalysts for biomass upgrading.