A Systematic Literature Review on Organizational Readiness for Artificial Intelligence Adoption Based on the TOE Framework

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being integrated into organizational processes, reshaping how organizations operate, compete, and make decisions. However, despite growing interest, many organizations face challenges in adopting AI effectively due to insufficient readiness. Prior research on organizational AI readiness has produced diverse and sometimes inconsistent conceptualizations, particularly with respect to definitions, readiness factors, and analytical approaches. To consolidate these dispersed insights, this study undertakes a structured review of the literature to synthesize organizational AI readiness factors through the lens of the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework. The review applies a transparent and replicable screening and selection process, consistent with PRISMA principles, to analyze peer-reviewed journal articles on organizational AI adoption and readiness. Through a multi-stage coding process, 124 readiness-related indicators were identified and subsequently consolidated into 35 factors, which were further synthesized into 12 core readiness themes mapped across the technological, organizational, and environmental dimensions of the TOE framework. The results indicate that organizational AI readiness is not a standalone condition, but a multidimensional and interdependent construct shaped by the alignment of technological capabilities, organizational structures and competencies, and external environmental conditions. By providing a structured synthesis of organizational AI readiness factors, this study clarifies the multidimensional nature of readiness and highlights cross-dimensional interdependencies within the TOE framework. The findings contribute theoretical clarity to the AI readiness literature and offer a consolidated foundation for future empirical studies and practical readiness assessments in organizational settings.