Shenhuang Liuwei Powder Alleviates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Ulcers in Rats through the Inhibition of the AGE/RAGE Signaling Pathway and Promotion of Antibacterial Activity and Angiogenesis via Activation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS/HIF-1α Pathway

Aims and Objective: Shenhuang Liuwei powder (SHLWP) is frequently used to treat diabetic ulcers (DUs), but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the active compounds and mechanisms by which SHLWP alleviates DUs. Methods: The chemical components of SHLWP were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Network pharmacology based on HRMS data identified SHLWP-associated targets and signaling pathways. Its antibacterial activity was assessed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. Its in vivo pharmacological effects were evaluated in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic ulcer model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Results: Seventy-three components were identified in SHLWP, with key constituents including caffeic acid (13.11 ± 0.14 µg/g), ferulic acid (20.40 ± 0.24 µg/g), quercetin (8.49 ± 0.18 µg/g), luteolin (36.63 ± 0.19 µg/g), apigenin (82.14 ± 1.60 µg/g), and linoleic acid (507.59 ± 1.46 µg/g). SHLWP exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 7.8125 µg/mL), Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC < 3.90625 µg/mL), and Streptococcus epidermidis (MIC < 3.90625 µg/mL). Network pharmacology revealed significant enrichment of the AGE/RAGE, HIF-1, and PI3K-Akt pathways, which was validated in vivo using qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. Conclusion: SHLWP alleviated streptozotocin-induced diabetic ulcers by inhibiting the AGE/RAGE pathway and promoting antibacterial activity and angiogenesis via the PI3K/Akt/eNOS/HIF-1α pathway, providing a biological basis for its therapeutic effects. result: Seventy-three components were identified in SHLWP, with key constituents including caffeic acid (13.11 ± 0.14 µg/g), ferulic acid (20.40 ± 0.24 µg/g), quercetin (8.49 ± 0.18 µg/g), luteolin (36.63 ± 0.19 µg/g), apigenin (82.14 ± 1.60 µg/g), and linoleic acid (507.59 ± 1.46 µg/g). SHLWP exhibited strong antibacterial activity, inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 7.8125 µg/mL), Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC &lt; 3.90625 µg/mL), and Streptococcus epidermidis (MIC &lt; 3.90625 µg/mL). Network pharmacology revealed significant enrichment of the AGE/RAGE, HIF-1, and PI3K-Akt pathways, validated in vivo through qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot.