Operando Auger/XPS using an electron beam to reveal the dynamics/morphology of Li plating and interphase formation in solid-state batteries

Operando Auger using an e − beam allows revealing the dynamics/morphology of Li/solid electrolyte interphase formation and Li plating with chemical information for a model Li/Li 6 PS 5 Cl stack. Comparison with operando XPS using an e − beam was also performed.