Effects of hole shape on mechanical behavior and fracturing mechanism of rock: Implications for instability of underground openings

Rock failure commonly initiates near the wall of openings with various geometries in underground excavation. In this study, to elucidate the hole-shape influences on the mechanical response and fracturing behavior on rock sample subjected to uniaxial compression, a thorough experimental–numerical-theoretical investigation is conducted on the intact and pre-holed rock samples with different hole shapes, including circular, elliptical, rectangular, and inverted-U shapes. Digital image correlation technology is employed to monitor the crack initiation and development around the hole during the loading process. The results show that the presence of different hole shapes leads to varying degrees of mechanical property deterioration in rock samples. The load capacity and stiffness of the tested samples follow the same order: intact sample > circular-holed sample > elliptical-holed sample > inverted-U holed sample > square-holed sample. Irrespective of the hole shape, the primary tensile crack initiates at the top and bottom of the hole, but its development is trapped. The growth and coalescence of shear cracks near the sidewalls eventually give rise to the sample failure. Stress analysis around the holes reveals a positive dependence of the reduction in load capacity on the maximum compressive stress concentration which is controlled by the shape of the hole. This indicates that the amplification of compressive stress induced by the hole governs the rock collapse. These findings offer valuable insights for the design and construction of underground engineering projects.