DNA methylation underpins the epigenomic landscape regulating genome transcription in Arabidopsis

BACKGROUND: It is challenging to determine the effect of DNA methylation on the epigenetic landscape and the function in higher organisms due to the lack of DNA methylation-free mutants. RESULTS: Here, the analysis of a recently generated Arabidopsis mutant completely devoid of DNA methylation reveals that DNA methylation underpins the genome-wide landscape of histone modifications. Complete loss of DNA methylation causes an upheaval of the histone modification landscape, including complete loss of H3K9me2 and widespread redistribution of active and H3K27me3 histone marks, mostly owing to the role of DNA methylation in initiating H3K9me2 deposition and excluding active marks and repressive mark H3K27me3; CG and non-CG methylation can act independently at some genomic regions while they act cooperatively at many other regions. The transcriptional reprogramming upon loss of all DNA methylation correlates with the extensive redistribution or switches of the examined histone modifications. Histone modifications retained or gained in the DNA methylation-free mutant serve as DNA methylation-independent transcriptional regulatory signals: active marks promote genome transcription, whereas the repressive mark H3K27me3 compensates for the lack of DNA hypermethylation/H3K9me2 at multiple transposon families. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that an intact DNA methylome constitutes the scaffolding of the epigenomic landscape in Arabidopsis and is critical for controlled genome transcription and ultimately for proper growth and development.