Spinetoram: A potential grain protectant

In this review, we present the results of an extensive search in bibliography for the use of spinetoram for the control of stored-product insects. In this context, we present the available information regarding its effectiveness in relation with certain biotic or abiotic factors, such as the dose, the target species, the type of grain, the temperature and relative humidity level etc., in an effort to answer the key questions, to encourage registration and use of spinetoram for this purpose. Most data available indicate that spinetoram at 0.5 and 1 ppm is very effective against the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), but moderately effective for other species, such as the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). Nevertheless, its efficacy varied on different grain types, as well as on different temperature and relative humidity levels. In addition, spinetoram was proved to be effective in surfaces, for the control of a wide range of stored-grain insect species. In this review, we illustrate the future perspectives in using spinetoram in stored product protection.