Challenges and strategies toward anode materials with different lithium storage mechanisms for rechargeable lithium batteries

With the development of consumer electronics and electric vehicles, high-energy-density lithium batteries have attracted extensive attention. Lithium-ion batteries using graphite anode materials have reached the theoretical specific capacity limit (372 mAh g −1 ), and developing high-capacity anode materials has become a key challenge in battery technology. Here, the latest research progress on insertion-type, alloy-type, conversion-type, and Li metal anodes is comprehensively reviewed. In addition, the structure and electrochemical characteristics of different anode materials are introduced, and the performance advantages and technical bottlenecks of various anode modification methods are thoroughly elucidated. Furthermore, the optimization measures and technical bottlenecks of various anode materials are introduced in detail to promote the rapid development and practical application of lithium batteries. • Reviews advancements in lithium battery anode materials, highlighting key research areas. • Discusses structural and electrochemical traits of anode materials, noting technical challenges. • Details optimization strategies for anode materials, providing insights for practical application. • Emphasizes potential of nanostructured anodes in improving lithium batteries' performance.