Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus face a high risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and Meta-analysis

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have increased mortality related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). This systematic review and meta-analysis identified the risk of CVD in SLE patients, CVD risk factors in SLE patients, and the risk of CVD in lupus nephritis (LN) patients. On-line databases were used to search the eligible studies from January 2013 to August 2020. The relevant characteristics and the data of disease extracted from included publications. A total of 20 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the general or healthy population, the risk of CVD in SLE patients increased by 2 times (RR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.95–2.84, P < 0.05). SLE patients had a significantly increased risk of atherosclerosis (RR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.16–4.60), stroke (RR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.52–3.50), myocardial infarction (RR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.97–3.59), peripheral vascular disease (RR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.07–6.09) and heart failure (RR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.63–5.13), but no significant increased risk of coronary artery disease (RR = 1.93, 95% CI: 0.67–5.59). SLE patients were more susceptible to lead hypertension than general or healthy population (RR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.62–3.29). Compared with the SLE patients, the risk of CVD in LN patients was increased by 2 times (RR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.13–2.70). The results of this meta-analysis suggest that SLE patients have a higher risk of developing CVD compared with the general or healthy population, and the risk of CVD in LN patients is significantly higher than that in SLE patients.