Cardiac Output During Exercise: Contributions of the Cardiac, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems

Abstract The sections in this article are: Intrinsic Properties of the Heart Heart Rate (Exercise Response) Stroke Volume (Exercise Response) Determinants of Stroke Volume Coupling of the Heart and Peripheral Circulation Coupling of Left Ventricle to Arterial System Ventricular Filling Pressure Relation Between Cardiac Output and Filling Pressure at Rest Relation Between Cardiac Output and Right Atrial Pressure in Dynamic Exercise Respiratory System Effects of Exercise on Respiratory Mechanics Systemic Venous Return Right Ventricular Output Pulmonary Venous Return Left Ventricular Output Implications of Ventilatory Stresses during Exercise