Peripheral nerve stimulation: A neuromodulation-based approach

Recent technological improvements have positioned us at the threshold of innovative discoveries that will assist in new perspectives and avenues of research. Increased attention has been directed towards peripheral nerve stimulation, particularly of the vagus, trigeminal, or greater occipital nerve, due to their unique pathway that engages neural circuits within networks involved in higher cognitive processes. Here, we question whether the effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation are mediated by synergistic interactions of multiple neuromodulatory networks, considering this pathway is shared by more than one neuromodulatory system. By spotlighting this attractive transcutaneous pathway, this opinion piece aims to acknowledge the contributions of four vital neuromodulators and prompt researchers to consider them in future investigations or explanations.