Efficient Adsorption of a Sulfonamide Antibiotic in Aqueous Solutions with N-doped Magnetic Biochar: Performance, Mechanism, and Reusability

/g). The results of the hysteresis loop and the Raman spectrum show that Fe-N-BC has a higher degree of magnetization and graphitization. Fe-N-BC showed a remarkable adsorption capacity for SMX (42.9 mg/g), which could maintain 93.4% adsorption effect after four cycles, and 82.8% adsorption capacity in simulated piggery wastewater. The adsorption mechanism involves pore filling, surface complexation, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π EDA interactions. The results of this study show that Fe-N-BC prepared from palm fibers can be a stable, excellent adsorbent for SMX removal from wastewater and has promise in terms of practical applications.