Supramolecular Cyclic Dinucleotide Nanoparticles for STING-Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy

Activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) can reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) by initiating innate and adaptive immunity. As natural STING agonists, clinical translation of cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) has been challenged by their short half-life in circulation, poor stability, and low membrane permeability. Herein, we use the natural endogenous small molecules oleic acid and deoxycytidine to construct a ligand for the STING agonist c-di-GMP (CDG), a hydrophobic nucleotide lipid (3',5'-diOA-dC), which can assemble with CDG into stable cyclic dinucleotide nanoparticles (CDG-NPs) through various supramolecular forces driven by molecular recognition. CDG-NPs are homogeneous and stable spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 59.0 ± 13.0 nm. Compared with free CDG, CDG-NPs promote the retention and intracellular delivery of CDG in the tumor site, boost STING activation and TME immunogenicity, and potentiate STING-mediated anti-tumor immunity when administered by either intratumoral or systemic routes in melanoma-bearing mice. We propose a flexible supramolecular nanodelivery system for CDG by using endogenous small molecules, which provides a CDN delivery platform for STING-mediated cancer immunotherapy.