Meniscus and pressure co-guided printing of liquid metal circuits for soft electronics

Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) have emerged as promising candidates for flexible electronics due to their exceptional conductivity and intrinsic deformability. However, their high surface tension and low viscosity often hinder precise patterning in direct printing processes. While engineering LMs into micro/nanoscale particles can alleviate this issue, these approaches typically rely on complex post-activation treatments to restore conductivity, such as mechanical deformation, ultrasonication, thermal annealing, or chemical exposure. This significantly limits their practical applicability. In this study, we present a meniscus and pressure co-guided printing strategy combined with an eco-friendly LM-based ink, enabling high-resolution patterning under ambient conditions. The printed conductors achieve high conductivity (5 × 10 5 S m -1 ) with only mild stretching activation (6% strain), while also exhibiting exceptional stretchability (200%) and long-term stability (withstanding 1000 cycles at 100%). Furthermore, the developed LM particle-based ink demonstrates excellent recyclability and stability (>14 days). We successfully demonstrate the applicability of these printed conductors in stretchable circuits and e-skin electrodes, showcasing their potential for next-generation flexible electronics. This work provides a scalable, user-friendly, and industrially viable approach for LM-based flexible device fabrication.