Treatment-related symptom management in patients with multiple myeloma: a review

Recent therapeutic advancements have significantly improved overall survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). As a result, the impact of disease- and treatment-related symptoms must be managed effectively to improve patient quality of life, given prolonged survival after diagnosis. This review discusses current MM treatment options, effective symptom management approaches, and practical strategies for supportive care.A literature search was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed and scientific congress databases, focusing on clinical trials, review articles, clinical practice guidelines, and other guidance documents on treatment paradigms and supportive care strategies in MM. Additionally, clinical practice worksheets were developed from published sources, and nursing "pearls of wisdom" were gathered from practical experience in the clinic.Current therapeutic regimens for relapsed/refractory MM include proteasome inhibitors (i.e., bortezomib, carfilzomib) and immunomodulatory agents (i.e., thalidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide), alone or in combination with chemotherapy or corticosteroids. Toxicities associated with agents and combination regimens used in the treatment of MM include myelosuppression, venous thromboembolism, peripheral neuropathy, infections, fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, and/or cardiac events. Treatment-specific tools and clinical assessments can be useful for optimizing dosing and schedule adjustments to increase therapy duration, and implementing supportive care strategies (e.g., growth factors, transfusional support, intravenous hydration, bisphosphonates, antiviral therapies) to manage treatment-related symptoms.Improved survival after MM diagnosis has led to increased patient susceptibility to other diseases and comorbidities due to advanced age. In addition to appropriate drug dosing and administration, effective supportive care and health maintenance are crucial for maximizing quality of life and disease control.