The roles of cortical oscillations in sustained attention

•We present a model of the roles of cortical oscillations in sustained attention. •Cortical oscillations support specific cognitive functions. •These oscillations interact with one another across attention-related brain networks. •Rhythmic brain stimulation can facilitate testing of this model. We rely on sustained attention to protect task performance against fatigue and distraction. Time-related variations in attention correlate with amplitude changes of specific cortical oscillations. However, the ways in which these oscillations might support sustained attention, how these oscillations are controlled, and the extent to which they influence one another remain unclear. We address this issue by proposing an oscillatory model of sustained attention. Within this framework, sustained attention relies on frontomedial theta oscillations, inter-areal communication via low-frequency phase synchronisation, and selective excitation and inhibition of cognitive processing through gamma and alpha oscillations, respectively. Sustained attention also relies on interactions between these oscillations across attention-related brain networks. We rely on sustained attention to protect task performance against fatigue and distraction. Time-related variations in attention correlate with amplitude changes of specific cortical oscillations. However, the ways in which these oscillations might support sustained attention, how these oscillations are controlled, and the extent to which they influence one another remain unclear. We address this issue by proposing an oscillatory model of sustained attention. Within this framework, sustained attention relies on frontomedial theta oscillations, inter-areal communication via low-frequency phase synchronisation, and selective excitation and inhibition of cognitive processing through gamma and alpha oscillations, respectively. Sustained attention also relies on interactions between these oscillations across attention-related brain networks. the ability to promote thoughts and behaviours that are relevant to current goals in the face of distraction and interference from other cognitive processes. the moment-to-moment comparison of current with intended thoughts and actions to detect departures from task goals. promotion of a cognitive process. a target stimulus that occurs rarely during a continuous stream of standard, non-target stimuli. In sustained attention tasks, participants are often required to remain vigilant for the presentation of these ‘oddball’ stimuli. simultaneous activation of incompatible response tendencies. application of single pulses of rapidly changing magnetic fields that cause depolarisation of neurons through electromagnetic induction.