Selective intra-arterial brain cooling induces cerebral protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury through SENP1-Sirt3 signaling

Although it is well known that selective intra-arterial cooling (SI-AC) elicits cerebral protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether SI-AC can protect against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through regulation of Sirt3 deSUMOylation via SENP1.All mice were subjected to 2 h of cerebral ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. SI-AC treatment was performed by infusion with cold saline (10 °C, 20 mL/kg) for 15 min through a microcatheter placed in the internal carotid artery immediately before reperfusion. The infarct volume, survival rate, neurological deficit scores, behavioral parameters, histopathology findings, and apoptosis were assessed. HT22 cells were subjected to 2 h of oxygen and sugar deprivation (OGD) and 22 h of reoxygenation. HA-SUMO1, Flag-Sirt3, a Sirt3 mutation plasmid (Flag-Sirt3 K288R), His-SENP1, and SENP1 small interfering RNA were transfected into HT22 cells 48 h before OGD. Apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed by western blotting. SUMOylation of Sirt3, acetylation of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), the activities of COX1, SOD2, and IDH2, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction were evaluated.Compared with the I/R group, SI-AC decreased cerebral infarct volume and neurological deficit scores and increased motor coordination, exploratory behavior, and memory. Hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining showed that SI-CA decreased karyopyknosis, nuclear fragmentation, and nucleolysis, increased neuron density, and decreased the cell apoptosis rate. In addition, Sirt3 was revealed as a target protein of SUMO1. SI-AC attenuated cerebral I/R injury through Sirt3 deSUMOylation via SENP1.SENP1-mediated deSUMOylation of Sirt3 plays an essential role in SI-AC-induced cerebral protection against I/R injury. Our findings provide a promising therapeutic approach for treatment of acute cerebral I/R injury.