Engineered 3D copper ferrite/kaolinite/polypyrrole carbon black hydrogels for efficient persulfate activation in tetracycline degradation: kinetics, mechanistic insights, toxicity, and green metrics

This study develops reusable CKP hydrogels (CuFe 2 O 4 /kaolinite/polypyrrole–carbon black/CMC), achieving 98% tetracycline degradation in 15 min via LED-persulfate activation.