Comprehensive review of male breast cancer: Understanding a rare condition

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare but significant health concern, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases. Despite its low incidence, it presents unique clinical, genetic, and psychosocial challenges. Genetic predispositions, including BRCA2 mutations and hormonal imbalances, are key factors influencing the development of MBC. However, the rarity of the condition has led to limited research and fewer treatment guidelines specifically for male patients. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases to identify studies focusing on the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and psychosocial impacts of male breast cancer. Articles were selected based on relevance, peer-review status, and focus on MBC in male patients. Data were synthesized narratively, and findings were contextualized based on the methodology and design of included studies. The review identified several significant risk factors for MBC, including BRCA2 mutations, hormonal imbalances (particularly estrogen and testosterone levels), and family history of breast cancer. MBC is often diagnosed at later stages due to the absence of routine screening in men, resulting in poorer survival outcomes compared to female breast cancer. Treatment strategies for MBC largely mirror those for women, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapies. However, the psychosocial impacts of MBC are unique to men, with issues such as stigma, body image concerns, and societal perceptions of masculinity. Male breast cancer remains an understudied area of oncology, with significant gaps in research related to early detection, targeted therapies, and long-term care. Collaborative international research efforts, such as the MERGE consortium and the International Male Breast Cancer Program, are essential for improving understanding and treatment outcomes. Genetic counseling, early screening, and personalized treatment approaches are crucial in managing the disease. Further research focusing on the molecular basis of MBC, along with the psychosocial needs of affected men, is necessary to enhance both survival rates and quality of life for male breast cancer patients.