Smoking associated metabolites from gut microbiota on health: Nicotine degradation brings hopes

Cigarette smoking accelerates metabolic disorders and is highly addictive, posing challenges for cessation. Recent studies have proposed that nicotine accumulates in the intestines of smokers, where it interacts with gut microbiota and disrupts systemic metabolism. After smoking, significant alterations in the gut microbiota affect the synthesis of numerous metabolites that are crucial for the development and progression of metabolic disorders. Gut microbiota-mediated nicotine degradation has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for smoking-related metabolic disorders associated with smoking. Herein, we explore the impact of smoking on the composition and function of the gut microbiota, emphasizing the potential link between smoking-related metabolic disorders and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Additionally, we discuss the in vivo distribution and metabolism of nicotine along with potential strategies for treating smoking-related metabolic disorders through the microbial degradation of nicotine.