Solution‐Based 3D Printing of Thermoelectrics: Advances and Opportunities

Abstract Conformal and flexible thermoelectric devices, capable of adapting to complex heat sources, are essential for advancing practical thermoelectric applications in energy harvesting and thermal management. Solution‐based 3D printing has emerged as a promising additive manufacturing technique for thermoelectrics, offering advantages such as ambient‐temperature processing, geometric precision, material versatility, and scalability for mass customization. This review highlights recent progress in conformal and flexible thermoelectric materials and devices fabricated via solution 3D printing, with a systematic focus on ink formulations, material and device architectures, performance metrics, and real‐world applications. It also discusses current challenges, future directions, and emerging opportunities. This work aims to inform the design and scalable fabrication of high‐performance, flexible, and adaptable thermoelectric systems.