Preliminary view of the distribution and spread of the plasmid-mediated resistance genes in Glaesserella parasuis

Introduction . Various plasmid-mediated resistance genes have been reported in Glaesserella parasuis , but little is known about their global distribution features, evolution pattern and spread. Gap Statement . The potential mobilization mechanisms of resistance plasmids in G. parasuis have been poorly explored. Aim . The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and diversity of plasmid-mediated resistance genes among G. parasuis isolates, and focus on the analysis of the features of the resistance plasmids from G. parasuis . Method . The plasmids tested were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform in conjunction with PCR and inverted PCR. The susceptibility of the host strains was determined by broth microdilution. The transfer of plasmids tested was conducted by electroporation. The sequence data were compared using bioinformatics tools and the data from our laboratory and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Results . Nineteen plasmids were identified from our laboratory and these resistance plasmids were functional and transferable. Moreover, we clustered five types of genetic backbones of plasmids from G. parasuis and revealed the global distribution features of the plasmid-mediated resistance genes. Conclusions . This is the first report of the coexistence of tet (H)-bearing type I plasmid and lnu (C)-bearing type II plasmid in one G. parasuis clinical isolate. In addition, this study provides the first view of the global distribution of plasmid-mediated resistance genes and classifies the plasmids in G. parasuis according to their backbone regions.