Earthworms Enhance Global Soil Carbon Storage Through Microbial–Mineral Stabilization

Earthworms play a dual role in the global carbon cycle: they accelerate organic matter decomposition yet are often associated with greater soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. However, uncertainty regarding the mechanisms and magnitudes through which earthworms concurrently influence SOC mineralization and stabilization has limited the integration of soil fauna into carbon models. Here, we synthesize 696 paired observations from 122 studies worldwide to resolve this uncertainty. On average, earthworms increase SOC by 5.4% (95% CI: 2.2%-9.1%), with effects strengthening over time under sustained plant-derived carbon inputs. Earthworms enhance mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) by 21.2%, while particulate organic carbon (POC) remains unchanged. These patterns suggest that earthworm activity promotes a transition from short-term carbon mineralization to long-term stabilization, likely mediated by the coupling of microbial processing and physical protection. Specifically, epigeic earthworms boost microbial biomass carbon, whereas endogeic species enhance macroaggregate formation, facilitating the incorporation of microbial necromass into MAOC. The magnitude and direction of these effects depend on sustained carbon inputs and earthworm functional type. Collectively, these results reconcile decades of conflicting evidence and provide the first quantitative global synthesis showing that earthworms increased soil carbon over time under sustained plant carbon inputs. This microbial-mineral formation pathway has direct implications for climate-smart land management, soil biodiversity conservation, and the representation of earthworm bioturbation in global carbon models.