Adipose extracellular vesicles carrying miR-210-3p drive macrophage inflammation and nicotine-induced atherosclerosis

. Mechanistically, miR-210-3p directly targets Krüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7), amplifying macrophage inflammatory responses and promoting plaque progression. Collectively, these findings uncover a previously unrecognized role of adipose-derived EVs in smoking-related vascular injury and highlight EV-derived miR-210-3p as a promising therapeutic target in nicotine-associated atherosclerosis.